What environmental impact is primarily associated with the extraction of fossil fuels?

The extraction of fossil fuels is primarily associated with habitat destruction and pollution due to the extensive processes involved that can significantly alter natural environments. When fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are extracted, large areas of land are often altered or cleared, which disrupts local ecosystems and habitats for various species. This can lead to a loss of biodiversity as plants and animals lose their homes and food sources.

Additionally, the extraction process can introduce pollutants into the environment. Oil spills, for example, have immediate and devastating effects on marine life, while coal mining can release toxic substances into surrounding land and waterways. The combustion of these fossil fuels further contributes to air and water pollution, which has broader impacts on both human health and ecological systems.

The other options do not accurately reflect the primary environmental impact of fossil fuel extraction. Increased biodiversity is not a characteristic outcome of fossil fuel extraction, nor is there a reduction of greenhouse gases; in fact, fossil fuel use is one of the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, fossil fuel extraction does not promote renewable resources; rather, it often competes with the development of renewable energy sources by taking precedence in energy production and infrastructure investment.