What characterizes an N-Type semiconductor?

An N-Type semiconductor is defined by its excess of free electrons. This type of semiconductor is created by doping a pure semiconductor, such as silicon, with a material that has more valence electrons than the semiconductor itself, typically a group V element like phosphorus. Each dopant atom donates an extra electron that becomes available for conduction, resulting in a higher concentration of free electrons compared to the holes (the absence of electrons that act as positive charge carriers).

This conduction by electrons is a fundamental characteristic of N-Type semiconductors, which enhances their electrical conductivity. In contrast, the other characteristics mentioned do not accurately define N-Type behavior: a deficiency of electrons pertains to P-Type semiconductors, the presence of positive holes indicates a lack of electrons, and a balance between positive and negative charges is not relevant in describing the primary defining feature of N-Type materials.