How does technology affect energy consumption?

The influence of technology on energy consumption is nuanced and multifaceted, making the second option the most insightful. Innovations in technology often lead to the development of more efficient energy systems and devices. For instance, advancements in appliances, lighting, and heating systems can significantly reduce the amount of electricity or fuel used in homes and businesses, contributing to lower overall energy consumption per unit of output.

However, while these efficiencies can reduce energy use on a per-item basis, increased reliance on technology can lead to greater overall consumption. For example, as technology enables more devices to be connected to the grid or as it improves functionality, there can be an increase in the number of devices or systems in use. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as the "rebound effect," where the energy savings from efficiency gains can be offset by increased usage.

Therefore, technology does not just serve as a one-way street towards less energy consumption; it introduces complexities where efficiency gains can coincide with an increase in total energy demand due to expanded use of technological devices and systems.