At what temperatures are photovoltaic (Pv) cells more efficient?

Photovoltaic (PV) cells tend to exhibit higher efficiency at lower temperatures due to the physics of semiconductor materials used in their construction. When sunlight strikes a photovoltaic cell, it generates electricity by exciting electrons within the semiconductor. As temperature increases, the energy levels of these electrons also increase, leading to a phenomenon known as "thermal agitation." This increased agitation can interfere with the electron movement necessary for electricity generation, effectively reducing the cell’s overall efficiency.

Low temperatures help maintain a more favorable balance in the absorption of sunlight versus the energy losses due to thermal effects. As such, photovoltaic systems generally perform better in cooler conditions, where there is less thermal energy to disrupt the flow of electrons. Although moderate temperatures can also yield good performance, the efficiency tends to drop as temperatures rise past optimal levels.

This understanding is essential for maximizing the energy output from solar panels, particularly in regions that experience significant temperature variations.